Forum - iKANN2024-03-29T15:35:27Zhttps://www.ikann.global/forum/feed/allVirtual teaching kitchen classes and cardiovascular disease prevention counselling among medical traineeshttps://www.ikann.global/forum/virtual-teaching-kitchen-classes-and-cardiovascular-disease-preve2023-02-20T09:45:33.000Z2023-02-20T09:45:33.000ZSarah Armeshttps://www.ikann.global/members/SarahArmes<div><div dir="ltr">There is a well-established association between diet and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and associated metabolic disorders. Nutrition is a central component of ASCVD guidelines involving risk reduction; however, approximately 9 in 10 cardiovascular specialists report receiving none to minimal nutritional education during fellowship training. Culinary medicine is a discipline and training modality within clinical and public health education that provides medical trainees, healthcare professionals and community members with experiential, food-based nutrition knowledge and the culinary skills needed for implementation.</div>
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<p class="p1"><span class="s1"><a href="https://nutrition.bmj.com/content/bmjnph/early/2023/02/02/bmjnph-2022-000477.full.pdf" target="_blank">This study</a> shows that kitchen-based nutrition education delivered in the virtual environment, when compared with in-person programming as well as culinary medicine programming itself, is associated with a higher likelihood of MedDiet adherence and lifestyle medicine counselling competence in medical trainees enrolled at partner sites across the USA. However, further progress is still required as virtual teaching kitchen education was not significantly associated with several important nutritional competencies related to ASCVD risk reduction.</span></p>
<p class="p2">Do you think practical implementation of Virtual teaching kitchen classes for medical trainees to<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>prevent cardiovascular disease is possible ?</p>
<p class="p1"><span class="s1">Share your thoughts and experience.</span></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.ikann.global/main/authorization/signUp?target=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ikann.global%2Fdiscussions%2Fanti-obesity-effects-of-green-roasted-coffee-blend">Join iKANN</a></p>
</div></div>Anti-Obesity effects of Green/Roasted Coffee Blendhttps://www.ikann.global/forum/anti-obesity-effects-of-green-roasted-coffee-blend2023-01-30T10:41:43.000Z2023-01-30T10:41:43.000ZSarah Armeshttps://www.ikann.global/members/SarahArmes<div>
<p class="s5"><span class="s4"><span class="bumpedFont20">The relationship between coffee consumption and cardiovascular disease is a topic of ongoing debate. Green coffee refers to the raw unroasted coffee bean. During coffee roasting, many of the phenolic compounds present in the green coffee bean are lost, but in turn, compounds responsible for coffee’s organoleptic properties are formed. The blend of green and roasted beans at the ratio 35/65 (w/w) is an interesting functional coffee product with more positive health effects than traditional, roasted coffee, mainly due to the higher content in CGA provided by the green coffee fraction, and concurrently, it is well accepted by coffee consumers, due to the organoleptic properties provided by the roasted fraction. </span></span></p>
<p class="s5"><span class="s4"><span class="bumpedFont20">A <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7554874/" target="_blank">recent study</a> proves that consumption of green/roasted coffee blend significantly reduced body weight, body fat%, diastolic and systolic blood pressure. in healthy and hypercholesterolemic subjects. And thus recommends regular intake of green/roasted coffee blend to the general population to help control weight. However, It's also important to consider the frequency of coffee intake because,<a href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/epub/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.006799" target="_blank">a study</a>published in "Circulation" in 2017 found that high coffee consumption (more than 4 cups per day) was associated with a higher risk of heart failure and it is also important to consider the way coffee is prepared and consumed, for example, adding high amounts of sugar, cream, or syrups to coffee can offset any potential beneficial effects. </span></span></p>
<p class="s5"><span class="s4"><span class="bumpedFont20">Based on the findings, is it worth the consumption of green/roasted coffee blends on a regular base to overcome obesity?</span></span> </p>
<p class="s3"><span class="s4"><span class="bumpedFont20">Share your thought and experience here!</span></span></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.ikann.global/main/authorization/signUp?target=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ikann.global%2Fdiscussions%2Fanti-obesity-effects-of-green-roasted-coffee-blend">Join iKANN</a></p>
</div></div>A Japanese-Style Diet and CVD Mortalityhttps://www.ikann.global/forum/a-japanese-style-diet-and-cvd-mortality2022-12-22T16:10:03.000Z2022-12-22T16:10:03.000ZSarah Armeshttps://www.ikann.global/members/SarahArmes<div><p>This <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/10/2008" target="_blank">systematic review and meta-analysis</a> identified prospective cohort studies on Japanese people, including 9 studies on the Japanese-style diet (n = 469,190) and 49 (n = 2,668,238) on characteristic Japanese foods.</p>
<p>They found reduced risk of CVD, stroke, heart disease/ischemic heart disease combined mortality with higher adherence to the Japanese-style diet. Additionally, risk of CVD, stroke, or heart disease mortality reduced with increased consumption of vegetables, fruits, fish, green tea, milk and dairy products, dietary fibre and plant-derived protein. Whereas increased salt consumption elevated risk for CVD and stroke mortality.</p>
<p>Suggesting that a Japanese-style diet and characteristic Japanese foods may reduce CVD mortality. Do these findings support current dietary recommendations?</p>
<p>Share your thought and experience here!</p>
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<p><a href="https://www.ikann.global/main/authorization/signUp?target=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ikann.global%2Fforum%2Fvitamin-d-intake-during-pregnancy-and-fetal-heart-health-is-there">Join iKANN</a></p></div>Sucrose-Sweetened Beverage Intake and Risk of Hypertension in Womenhttps://www.ikann.global/forum/sucrose-sweetened-beverage-intake-and-risk-of-hypertension-in-wom2022-12-08T16:28:20.000Z2022-12-08T16:28:20.000ZSarah Armeshttps://www.ikann.global/members/SarahArmes<div><p>Previous research suggests that excessive fructose consumption elevates blood pressure and is linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidaemia, all of which are detrimental to cardiometabolic health. However, the majority of epidemiological research looks at high-fructose corn syrup, therefore this <a href="https://nutrition.bmj.com/content/early/2022/11/08/bmjnph-2022-000426" target="_blank">cohort study</a> looked at the relationship between sucrose-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and the development of hypertension in Norway.</p>
<p>This study found that SSB intake is associated with an increased risk of hypertension in women followed from pregnancy to up to 10 years after delivery, and that the association was stronger in low risk (normotensive during pregnancy, normal body mass index and with low sodium to potassium ratio) than in high-risk groups.</p>
<p>Based on the findings of this study, do you believe we should lower the recommended sugar intake below the current 10% of total calorie intake? </p>
<p>Share your thought and experience here!</p>
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<p><a href="https://www.ikann.global/main/authorization/signUp?target=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ikann.global%2Fforum%2Fvitamin-d-intake-during-pregnancy-and-fetal-heart-health-is-there">Join iKANN</a></p></div>Can regular consumption of olive pomace oil (OPO) in the diet improve heart health?https://www.ikann.global/forum/can-regular-consumption-of-olive-pomace-oil-opo-in-the-diet-impro2022-10-11T12:42:15.000Z2022-10-11T12:42:15.000ZSarah Armeshttps://www.ikann.global/members/SarahArmes<div><p><span style="font-size:10pt;">Olive oil is an essential component of the Mediterranean diet, being its primary fat source. Depending on the processing of the olives, different categories of olive oil are obtained, all having a high content of monounsaturated fatty acids, mainly oleic acid. OPO is rich bioactive compounds like squalene, pentacyclic triterpenes, tocopherols, sterols and aliphatic fatty alcohols.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00394-022-03001-y#Sec20" target="_blank">A recent randomized, controlled, blind, crossover study</a> investigated the effect of dietary consumption of olive pomace oil (OPO) on blood lipids and other cardiovascular disease risk factors in healthy and at-risk (hypercholesterolemic) subjects. Participants consumed daily 45g of OPO or high-oleic acid sunflower oil (HOSO) as control oil for 4 weeks. They found OPO significantly reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B serum concentrations, and LDL/HDL ratio in healthy and at-risk volunteers. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;">Do these results corroborate previous findings looking at other categories of olive oil? Share your thought and experience here!</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;">You need to be a member of iKANN to add comments!</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;"><a href="https://www.ikann.global/main/authorization/signUp?target=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ikann.global%2Fforum%2Fvitamin-d-intake-during-pregnancy-and-fetal-heart-health-is-there">Join iKANN</a></span></p></div>Vitamin D level during pregnancy and fetal heart health: Is there any relationship?https://www.ikann.global/forum/vitamin-d-intake-during-pregnancy-and-fetal-heart-health-is-there2022-09-28T16:31:52.000Z2022-09-28T16:31:52.000ZXunhan LIhttps://www.ikann.global/members/XunhanLI<div><p>A recent <a href="https://clinicalnutritionespen.com/article/S2405-4577(22)00447-8/fulltext" target="_blank">cross-sectional study</a> from Bandar Abbas Children's Hospital has found a statistically significant relationship between maternal serum vitamin D level and fetal heart failure as well as anatomical heart abnormality. Lower maternal vitamin D levels correlate with increased fetal heart problems.</p>
<p>What do you think about this potential association?</p>
<p>In this situation, may maternal vitamin D supplementation confer cardiovascular protection to the fetus? Share your thoughts and clinical experiences here!</p></div>What impact would a 1g reduction in salt intake have on population health?https://www.ikann.global/forum/what-impact-would-a-1g-reduction-in-salt-intake-have-on-populatio2022-09-07T15:15:31.000Z2022-09-07T15:15:31.000ZSarah Armeshttps://www.ikann.global/members/SarahArmes<div><p>Salt consumption in China is among the highest in the world, at about 11 g/day, and cardiovascular disease accounts for 40% of mortality. A recent study (click <a href="https://nutrition.bmj.com/content/early/2022/06/27/bmjnph-2021-000408" target="_blank">here</a>) estimated the potential impact of reducing salt intake on CVD events in China, via systolic blood pressure. They found that reducing population salt intake by 1g/day could lower the risk for ischaemic heart disease by about 4% and the risk for stroke by about 6%. They also found, should this reduced salt intake be sustained until 2030, 9 million CVD events could be prevented, of which 4 million would have been fatal. This study shows that progressively lowering China's excessive salt intake might result in significant reductions in CVD. The question now is how to reduce population salt intake. Share your thoughts and clinical experience here!</p></div>Is there any limitation or caution with respect to red yeast rice lowering lipids and reducing CVD risk?https://www.ikann.global/forum/regarding-lipid-lowering-and-cvd-risk-reducing-effect-is-there-an2022-08-31T02:18:06.000Z2022-08-31T02:18:06.000ZXunhan LIhttps://www.ikann.global/members/XunhanLI<div><p>Red yeast rice is a natural product of yeast grown on white rice. Its preparations have been extensively studied and shown to improve lipid profiles and to reduce cardiovascular risks to some extent. The major active ingredient, monacolin K, is chemically identical to lovastatin. The term 'natural statin' was therefore used to describe it. </p>
<p>However, do you know any limitation or caution related to red yeast rice consumption? A recent <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35901940/">study</a> collected updated evidences regarding the use of red-yeast rice in clinical practice for reducing populations CV risk. Share your thoughts and clinical experience here!</p></div>Diet Quality Indices for Assessing All-cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortalityhttps://www.ikann.global/forum/diet-quality-indices-for-assessing-all-cause-and-cardiovascular-d2022-08-05T09:46:18.000Z2022-08-05T09:46:18.000ZSarah Armeshttps://www.ikann.global/members/SarahArmes<div><p>Diet Quality Indices (DQIs) are assessment tools used to estimate the overall quality of an individual's dietary intake by assessing food and nutrient intake, as well as lifestyle characteristics, based on how well they fit with dietary guidelines. A <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jn/article-abstract/152/3/805/6427357?redirectedFrom=fulltext#no-access-message" target="_blank">recent study</a> examined the association between 3 diet quality indices (Australian Dietary Guideline Index, DGI; Dietary Inflammatory Index, DII; Mediterranean-DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay, MIND) and risk of all-cause mortality, CVD mortality, and nonfatal CVD events. A higher quality diet was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause and CVD mortality, but a greater inflammatory diet was associated with a higher risk of mortality. These findings underline the importance of adhering to dietary guidelines, a Mediterranean-style diet, and a low-inflammatory diet in lowering the risk of all-cause and CVD mortality. Please share your thoughts and experiences!</p></div>What are the female perspectives on vitamin E supplements in cardiovascular diseases and cardiovascular risk effects?https://www.ikann.global/forum/what-are-the-female-perspectives-on-vitamin-e-supplements-in-card2022-07-24T09:50:17.000Z2022-07-24T09:50:17.000ZXunhan LIhttps://www.ikann.global/members/XunhanLI<div><p> </p>
<p><span lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">Vitamin E has been widely studied as not only an antioxidant but also a significant role in the modulator of signal transduction and regulator of gene expression, to promote heart health and reduce CVD risk.</span></p><p></p>
<p><span lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">A <a href="https://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(22)00151-0/fulltext" target="_blank">recent study</a> reviewed the antioxidant effect of vitamin E and CVD risk in women with obesity. It presented that women with comorbidities such as obesity, polycystic vary syndromes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease had poor antioxidant status and increased their cardiovascular risk, while vitamin E intake seems to be closely related to risk decreased. Vitamin E intake from food is also inversely associated with mortality from coronary heart disease among postmenopausal and overweight women. This suggested that vitamin E could be considered an additional element of CVD prevention. However, the evidence focusing on vitamin E supplements for female-specific cardiovascular risk is still insufficient. </span></p><p></p>
<p><span lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">Please share your thoughts and experiences!</span></p><p></p></div>Adherence to the MIND Diet and Cardiovascular Disease Riskhttps://www.ikann.global/forum/adherence-to-the-mind-diet-and-cardiovascular-disease-risk2022-07-11T10:01:43.000Z2022-07-11T10:01:43.000ZSarah Armeshttps://www.ikann.global/members/SarahArmes<div><p>The Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet incorporates elements of two well-known diets: the Mediterranean diet and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. The MIND diet aims to reduce dementia and the decline in brain health that occurs with age.</p>
<p>A <a href="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2022/fo/d1fo02069b/unauth" target="_blank">cohort study</a> investigated the link between MIND diet adherence and the risk of CVD in adults over a 10.6-year period. </p>
<p>They found each increase in MIND diet score reduced the incidence of CVD by 16%. They also identified an inverse relationship between the MIND diet and CVD incidence. Among the components of the MIND diet, each increase in whole grains, green leafy vegetables, and beans reduced the risk of CVD by 60%, 45%, and 65%, respectively. Additionally, they found that higher adherence to the MIND was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular events.</p>
<p>What are your thoughts and experiences?</p></div>Does apitherapy have the potential to protect our heart?https://www.ikann.global/forum/does-apitherapy-have-the-potential-to-protect-our-heart2022-06-26T05:08:29.000Z2022-06-26T05:08:29.000ZXunhan LIhttps://www.ikann.global/members/XunhanLI<div><p>Apitherapy is promoted as an alternative medicine for various diseases. It always used a lot of bee products during the therapeutic process. A recent <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112267" target="_blank">mini-review</a> collected the cardioprotective potential of different bee products including bee pollen, royal jelly, bee venom, propolis and bee bread. Do you think apitherapy can be effective in prophylaxis and treatment of CVD diseases? Share your thoughts and clinical experience!</p></div>Does Macronutrient Quality Effect Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk in a Mediterranean Cohort?https://www.ikann.global/forum/does-macronutrient-quality-effect-cardiovascular-disease-cvd-risk2022-06-03T19:05:35.000Z2022-06-03T19:05:35.000ZSarah Armeshttps://www.ikann.global/members/SarahArmes<div><p>A recent <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00394-022-02901-3#Sec2" target="_blank">study</a> assessed the association between a multi-dimensional Macronutrient Quality Index (MQI) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in a Mediterranean cohort. The MQI expresses high-quality macronutrient intake and was calculated based on three previously reported quality indices: the Carbohydrate Quality Index (CQI), the Fat Quality Index (FQI), and the Healthy Plate Protein source Quality Index (HPPQI). Regarding the dietary characteristics of participants, those with higher values of MQI consumed more vegetables, fruits, legumes, whole grains, fish, white meats, skimmed dairy products, nuts, and olive oil, but smaller quantities of whole dairy, eggs, soft drinks, and fast food. They found a significant inverse relationship between a multidimensional MQI and a lower risk of CVD. Please share your thoughts and experiences!</p></div>Can a high-fiber diet boost heart health?https://www.ikann.global/forum/can-a-high-fiber-diet-boost-heart-health2022-05-27T07:10:01.000Z2022-05-27T07:10:01.000ZXunhan LIhttps://www.ikann.global/members/XunhanLI<div><p>Increased dietary fiber intake could improve digest system and mitigate some health concerns such as constipation. How about its impact on heart health? A recent <a href="https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.S1.R4104" target="_blank">study</a> highlighted that a high fiber diet (30-35 g/day) consumed by middle-aged to older adults for 7 days could improve systolic blood pressure and vascular endothelial functions, as well as potentially reduce oxidative stress. Share your thought and experience here!</p></div>Does following a Paleolithic diet reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?https://www.ikann.global/forum/does-following-a-paleolithic-diet-reduce-the-risk-of-cardiovascul2022-05-09T09:36:17.000Z2022-05-09T09:36:17.000ZSarah Armeshttps://www.ikann.global/members/SarahArmes<div><p>The PaleoDiet score included six food groups that are encouraged in this diet (fruit, nuts, vegetables, eggs, meat, and fish) and five that are avoided (cereals and grains, dairy products, legumes, culinary ingredients, and processed/ultra-processed foods). A recent prospective cohort study found a significant inverse association between the PaleoDiet score and CVD in the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) cohort. They also found a weaker association that became non-significant was observed when the item for low consumption of ultra-processed foods was removed from the score. These findings suggest that the PaleoDiet may have cardiovascular benefits in participants from a Mediterranean country. Avoidance of ultra-processed foods seems to play a key role in this inverse association. Please share your thoughts and experiences!</p></div>Is fat-reformulated dairy food a recommended substitute for longer-term consumption of conventional dairy among adults with CVD risk?https://www.ikann.global/forum/is-fat-reformulated-dairy-food-a-recommended-substitute-for2022-04-25T13:39:05.000Z2022-04-25T13:39:05.000ZXunhan LIhttps://www.ikann.global/members/XunhanLI<div><p>High intake of saturated fatty acid links to elevated LDL-cholesterol concentration which is positively correlated with CVD risks. As dairy products are one of the main contributors to SFA consumption in the UK, it is suggested to use lower-fat or fat-free alternatives to regular-fat dairy products. A recent <a href="https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/115/3/679/6502347" target="_blank">study</a> found a novel fatty acid-modified dairy products intervention (SFA-reduced, MUFA-enriched) had a beneficial impact on the ∆ iAUC for the postprandial apolipoprotein B response but attenuated the %FMD (% Fasting Flow-Mediated Dilatation) response to sequential FA-modified dairy-rich meals among adults at moderate CVD risk. Share your thought and experience!</p></div>What is the effect of soy nut intake on vascular function and cardiometabolic risk markers?https://www.ikann.global/forum/what-is-the-effect-of-soy-nut-intake-on-vascular-function-and-car2022-04-11T14:47:32.000Z2022-04-11T14:47:32.000ZSarah Armeshttps://www.ikann.global/members/SarahArmes<div><p>Soy provides high-quality proteins and high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). It is also one of the most important sources of phytoestrogens. A recent <a href="https://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(22)00088-7/fulltext#secsectitle0100" target="_blank">randomised controlled trial (RCT)</a> found that longer-term soy nut intake as part of a healthy diet improved endothelial function, LDL-cholesterol concentrations and MAP levels, suggesting mechanisms by which an increased soy food intake beneficially affects CVD risk in older adults. Please share your thoughts and experiences!</p></div>Do you think camelina oil supplements reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?https://www.ikann.global/forum/do-you-think-camelina-oil-supplements-reduce-the-risk-of-cardiova2022-03-22T13:45:54.000Z2022-03-22T13:45:54.000ZXunhan LIhttps://www.ikann.global/members/XunhanLI<div><p>It is widely studied that omega-3 fatty acids can improve our cardiovascular health. Camelina oil is a rich source of ω<strong>-3 </strong>α-linolenic acid (ALA). However, a recent <a href="https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/115/3/694/6428398?redirectedFrom=fulltext" target="_blank">RCT</a> showed that an ALA supplement with camelina oil did not improve vascular function but adversely affected glucose metabolism in hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome. Share your thoughts and experiences!</p></div>Fortnightly Articles - Bridging the gap between science and society: long-term effects of the Healthy Lifestyle Community Programme on weight and the metabolic risk profile: a controlhttps://www.ikann.global/forum/fortnightly-articles-bridging-the-gap-between-science-and-society2022-03-04T11:12:33.000Z2022-03-04T11:12:33.000ZSarah Armeshttps://www.ikann.global/members/SarahArmes<div><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><strong>Summary </strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">A 24-month, non-randomised, controlled intervention trial investigated the effect of an intensive healthy lifestyle programme, with seminars, workshops and coaching, on weight and metabolic risk profile.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">143 participants were enrolled (91 in the intervention (IG) and 52 in the control group (CG)). The IG were younger, more often females, overweight and reported lower energy intake (kcal/day).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">Weight significantly decreased in IG at all follow-ups by −1.5 ± 1.9 kg after 8 weeks to −1.9 ± 4.0 kg after 24 months and more than in CG (except after 24 months).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">Being male, in the IG or overweight at baseline and having a university degree predicted more weight loss.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">After the intervention, there were more participants in the IG with a ‘high’ adherence (+12%) to plant-based food patterns.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">The changes of metabolic parameters did not follow a clear pattern. They were most distinct after 8 weeks and improved especially in people at elevated risk. </span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><strong> </strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><strong>Discussion</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">Due to limited resources, the CG started with a delay of 6 months compared with IG and randomisation was not viable due to the nature of the real-world community approach. The non-randomisation may have led to a bias due to the selection of particularly motivated participants.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">Missing data occurred for blood parameters at baseline, which was taken on a different day than other parameters and only 90% of participants were available in the IG. Further disparities of sample sizes occurred due to participants’ personal matters, for example, poor venous access. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">Sample sizes in IG and CG dropped within the study course of 24 months (similarly in both groups) by around 50%. However, they analysed all the available data to avoid loss of information and overestimation of efficiency which can occur in all-case analyses.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><strong> </strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><strong>Question to members</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">What are the potential facilitators and barriers to such a lifestyle programme?</span></li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><strong>Reference</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;">Anand, C., Kranz, R.M., Husain, S., Koeder, C., Schoch, N., Alzughayyar, D.K., Gellner, R., Hengst, K. and Englert, H. <a href="https://nutrition.bmj.com/content/early/2022/02/21/bmjnph-2021-000340" target="_blank">Bridging the gap between science and society: long-term effects of the Healthy Lifestyle Community Programme (HLCP, cohort 1) on weight and the metabolic risk profile: a controlled study.</a> <em>BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health</em>. 2022.</span></p></div>How has nutrition made a difference in the clinical setting?https://www.ikann.global/forum/how-has-nutrition-made-a-difference-in-the-clinical-setting2022-02-25T02:47:40.000Z2022-02-25T02:47:40.000ZBreanna Leprehttps://www.ikann.global/members/BreannaLepre<div><p>Good nutrition promotes maternal, infant and child health, supports normal growth, development and ageing, and reduces the risk of disease. The delivery of nutrition interventions through health systems is a key strategy to support population dietary improvements. <strong>How has nutrition made a difference in the clinical setting?</strong> Please add your thoughts to the discussion thread below.</p></div>Fortnightly Articles- Associations between dietary antioxidant micronutrients intakes and cardiovascular diseasehttps://www.ikann.global/forum/fortnightly-articles-associations-between-dietary-antioxidant-int2022-02-14T16:55:49.000Z2022-02-14T16:55:49.000ZXunhan LIhttps://www.ikann.global/members/XunhanLI<div><p><strong>Summary:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>A prospective cohort study investigated the association between daily antioxidants (vitamins A, E, and C, and zinc) intakes and the incidence of CVD.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>It selected 5102 eligible adults (n = 5102) aged ≥ 30years from the participants of the Tehran lipid and glucose study with an average follow-up of 5.3 years.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Dietary intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometrics and biochemical variables were evaluated at baseline and follow-up examinations. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate the development of CVD associated with total intakes of vitamins A, E, and C, and zinc.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Among all food groups consumed, the main sources of dietary vitamins A, E, and C and zinc were fruits, vegetables, and legumes. </li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>They also found that the risk of CVD decreased from quartile 1 to quartile 4 for vitamin E intake (HR 1.00, 0.91, 0.77, and 0.57; <em>P<sub>trend</sub></em> = 03). The association between the risk of CVD and quartiles of vitamins A, and C and zinc intake was not statistically significant.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>This study suggests an inverse association between vitamin E intake and the risk of CVD, emphasizing the potential protective role of fruit and vegetable in the prevention of CVD.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Discussion:</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>The limitation of this study is that it used an FFQ for collecting dietary data which would result in recall bias.</li>
</ol>
<p> </p>
<ol start="2">
<li>Besides, the calculation of dietary intake for vitamins was done by the subjects’ reports regarding food consumption, which is less reliable than assessing vitamins via urine or circulating biomarkers over time.</li>
</ol>
<p> </p>
<ol start="3">
<li>In addition, it did not consider some confounders such as supplement intake and socioeconomic levels and comorbidities during follow-up in the current study.</li>
</ol>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Question to member:</strong></p>
<p>Do you think increased dietary antioxidant micronutrients intake should be recommended to the Asian population to decrease CVD risk?</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Reference</strong></p>
<h1><span style="font-size:10pt;">Mirmiran P, Hosseini-Esfahani F, Esfandiar Z, Hosseinpour-Niazi S, Azizi F. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-05632-x" target="_blank">Associations between dietary antioxidant intakes and cardiovascular disease.</a>Sci Rep. 2022 Jan 27;12(1):1504.</span></h1></div>Fortnightly Articles - Plant-based diets and incident CVD and all-cause mortality in African Americans: A cohort studyhttps://www.ikann.global/forum/fortnightly-articles-plant-based-diets-and-incident-cvd-and-all2022-02-01T12:11:02.000Z2022-02-01T12:11:02.000ZSarah Armeshttps://www.ikann.global/members/SarahArmes<div><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><strong>Summary </strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">An analysis of prospective data from a community-based cohort of African American adults in the Jackson Heart Study. Participants were assigned scores to 3 plant-based dietary patterns: an overall plant-based diet index (PDI), a healthy PDI (hPDI), and an unhealthy PDI (uPDI).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">Over a median follow-up of 13 and 15 years, there were 293 incident CVD cases and 597 deaths, respectively. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and health behaviours, no significant association was observed between plant-based diets and incident CVD, all-cause mortality, incident coronary heart disease and total stroke for overall PDI, hPDI and uPDI.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">Overall diet quality was low for all participants, and participants with the most plant-rich diets still regularly included animal-based foods.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">Among individual food groups, legumes were associated with a lower risk for CVD, while vegetable oils were associated with higher risk for CVD, and whole grains and sugar-sweetened beverages were associated with higher all-cause mortality.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">This study, unlike in prior studies, found greater adherence to a plant-based diet was not associated with CVD or all-cause mortality.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><strong> </strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><strong>Discussion</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">One limitation of this study is the use of self-reported dietary intake, which may result in measurement error. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">Additionally, while the study adjusted for many sociodemographic and behavioural factors and relevant medical history, it may still be limited by residual confounding.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">Reverse causation may also be a potential concern if participants at higher risk for CVD had intentionally adopted a more plant-based dietary pattern.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">The number of incident CVD cases was relatively small (293 CVD cases out of 3,536 participants), thus may lack sufficient power.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><strong> </strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><strong>Question to members</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">What are the strengths and limitations of using plant-based diet index scores?</span></li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><strong>Reference</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;">Weston, L.J., Kim, H., Talegawkar, S.A., Tucker, K.L., Correa, A. and Rebholz, C.M. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8730418/" target="_blank">Plant-based diets and incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in African Americans: A cohort study.</a> <em>PLoS medicine</em>. 2022</span></p></div>Fortnightly Articles - Association between Diets with Higher Insulinemic Potential and the Risk of Overall and Cardiovascular Disease-specific Mortalityhttps://www.ikann.global/forum/fortnightly-articles-association-between-diets-with-higher-insuli2021-12-24T11:04:30.000Z2021-12-24T11:04:30.000ZXunhan LIhttps://www.ikann.global/members/XunhanLI<div><h1><span style="font-size:8pt;">Wang YY, Chen B, Zhang JW, Li HR, Zeng XF, Zhang Z, Zhu Y, Li XD, Hu AL, Zhao QH, Yang WS. <u><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/diets-with-higher-insulinemic-potential-are-associated-with-increased-risk-of-overall-and-cardiovascular-diseasespecific-mortality/B938B1CE90C1A22249E44B04FBC2A3CB" target="_blank">Diets with Higher Insulinemic Potential are Associated with Increased Risk of Overall and Cardiovascular Disease-specific Mortality. </a></u><em>B</em><em>ritish Journal of Nutrition</em>, 2021,1-26. </span></h1>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:8pt;"><strong>Description</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:8pt;">The present prospective cohort study examined the associations between hyperinsulinemic diets and the risk of total and cause-specific mortality in a large nationally representative US population.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:8pt;">During a median follow-up of 7.8 years, 4,904 deaths were documented among 40,074 participants.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:8pt;">They found that for empirical dietary indices for hyperinsulinemia, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (comparing extreme quintiles) were 1.20 (95% CI: 1.09-1.32, P-trend <0.001) for overall mortality, and 1.41(95% CI:1.15-1.74, P-trend=0.002) for cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:8pt;">Besides, they also observed similar associations for empirical dietary indices for insulin resistance with hazard ratios of 1.18 (95% CI:1.07-1.29, P-trend<0.005) for CVD mortality.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:8pt;">Although these positive associations were somewhat attenuated after further adjustments for body mass index and diabetes, most remained statistically significant.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:8pt;">They concluded that diets with higher insulinemic potential (insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia) may be associated with increased risk of overall and CVD-specific mortality, and suggested avoiding hyperinsulinemic dietary patterns may potentially promote health and longevity.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:8pt;"><strong>Discussion</strong></span></p>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-size:8pt;">Diet information assessed by 24-hour recalls might lead to measurement errors.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:8pt;">It might be controversial to use dietary information from 24-hour recalls representing the dietary habits as the dietary habits could change during the median follow-up and lead to misclassification of dietary habits.</span></li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:8pt;">Measurement of biomarkers only contains one, which might lead to underestimating the validity of empirical dietary indices for insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia.</span></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p><span style="font-size:8pt;"><strong>Question to members</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:8pt;"><strong> </strong>How can higher insulin diet patterns differ in different regions?</span></p></div>Fortnightly Articles - Gender-specific Association Between Carbohydrate Consumption and Blood Pressurehttps://www.ikann.global/forum/fortnightly-articles-gender-specific-association-between-carbohyd2021-12-08T12:26:54.000Z2021-12-08T12:26:54.000ZSarah Armeshttps://www.ikann.global/members/SarahArmes<div><p><span style="font-size:12pt;">Liu R., Mi, B., Zhao, Y., Li, Q., Dang, S. and Yan, H. <a href="https://nutrition.bmj.com/content/early/2021/01/13/bmjnph-2020-000165.abstract" target="_blank">Gender-specific association between carbohydrate consumption and blood pressure in Chinese adults</a><u>.</u> <em>BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health</em>. 2021</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><strong>Summary </strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">The present Cross-sectional study, including 2241 rural adults from Northwestern China, investigated the possible gender-specific association of carbohydrate consumption on blood pressure (BP).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">They found that total carbohydrate consumption is associated with increased SBP and DBP in Chinese females who derive majority of carbohydrate from refined grains (>80%).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">Additionally, the detrimental effect might be more serious at upper quintiles of BP than other quantiles.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">Moreover, relatively lower and higher carbohydrate consumption was associated with higher SBP, with the minimum SBP level observed at 130~150g carbohydrate per day.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">Therefore, higher total carbohydrates consumption might have an adverse impact on both SBP and DBP in Chinese females but not males. </span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><strong> </strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><strong>Discussion</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">This study was the cross-sectional design, with an inability to infer causation.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">The generalisability of these findings might also be limited since the study population was not national.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">Diet information was self-reported and measurement error might dilute real relations between carbohydrate intake and health outcomes.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">Food source and quality of carbohydrates intake were not assessed, which might work in a different way on BP.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><strong> </strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><strong>Question to members</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt;">Do you think dietary carbohydrate restriction should be recommended for women with high blood pressure?</span></li>
</ul></div>Fortnightly Articles - Time of ONS consumed on appetites, energy intake and cardio-metabolic risk factorshttps://www.ikann.global/forum/fortnightly-articles-time-of-ons-consumed-on-appetites-energy-int2021-11-19T17:05:27.000Z2021-11-19T17:05:27.000ZXunhan LIhttps://www.ikann.global/members/XunhanLI<div><p><span style="font-size:8pt;">Fatima S, Gerasimidis K, Wright C, Malkova D. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41430-021-01042-w" target="_blank">Impact of high energy oral nutritional supplements consumed in the late afternoon on appetite, energy intake and cardio-metabolic risk factors in females with lower BMI.</a><u> </u>European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2021.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:8pt;"><strong>Summary:</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:8pt;">A randomised, crossover study with two experimental trials investigated the effectiveness of oral nutritional supplement (ONS) intake in the late afternoon and for long duration in terms of appetite, energy intake and cardio-metabolic risk factors for females with low BMI. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:8pt;">Over the 5-day period, they found that in the ONS trial intake from evening meals was lower but averaged total daily energy intake was higher. On day six, energy intake, appetite scores, plasma GLP-1 and PYY, and energy expenditure were not significantly different between the two trials but fasting insulin concentration and insulin resistance (HOMA<sub>IR</sub>) were higher (<em>p</em><0.05) and insulin sensitivity score based on fasting insulin and TAG lower (<em>p</em><0.05) in ONS trail.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:8pt;">They concluded that late afternoon consumption of ONS for five days has only a partial and short-lived energy intake suppression, and thus increases daily energy intake but reduces insulin sensitivity.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:8pt;"><strong>Discussion</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:8pt;">This study focuses on the participants without clinical problems, therefore these results may not be applicable for patients with various disease-related malnutrition.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:8pt;">Usually, ONS treatment is provided through multiple doses (by splitting the single dose). However, this study was done based on a single dose of ONS treatment. Therefore, the health influences of a single dose ONS intake may vary compared to multiple doses.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:8pt;"><strong>Question to members</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:8pt;">What impact will frequent small doses of ONS have on insulin sensitivity?</span></p></div>Fortnightly Articles - Pasta meal intake in relation to risks of T2D and ASCVDhttps://www.ikann.global/forum/fortnightly-articles-pasta-meal-intake-in-relation-to-risks-of-t22021-11-05T16:41:01.000Z2021-11-05T16:41:01.000ZSarah Armeshttps://www.ikann.global/members/SarahArmes<div><p>Huang M, Lo K, Li J, Allison M, Wu WC and Liu S. 2021. <a href="https://nutrition.bmj.com/content/4/1/195" target="_blank">Pasta meal intake in relation to risks of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women: findings from the Women’s Health Initiative.</a> BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health. 2020.</p>
<p><strong>Summary:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>This prospective cohort study evaluated the association between pasta meal intake and long-term risk of developing diabetes or atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women from the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI).</li>
<li>They found significantly reduced risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), stroke, CHD and no significant alteration in diabetes risk in the highest quartile of residual pasta meal intake compared to the lowest quartile.</li>
<li>The potential benefit of substituting pasta meal for other commonly consumed starchy foods on cardiometabolic outcomes warrants further investigation in additional high-quality and large prospective studies of diverse populations.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Discussion:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Total intake of pasta meal in this study was measured by summing the semi-quantitative intake frequencies of pasta meals, which had other commonly used ingredients such as cheese or tomato.</li>
<li>Data were collected via FFQ, therefore there was no information on the proportion of pasta content within a specific pasta meal, and how much the additional ingredients of the meal may influence its association with cardiometabolic outcomes.</li>
<li>The overall consumption of pasta meal was relatively low (average of 1 serving/week), which may have partially influenced the observed lack of association with diabetes risk.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Question:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Do you think these findings are reproducible in other populations?</li>
</ul></div>Fortnightly Articles – Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet on Blood Pressurehttps://www.ikann.global/forum/fortnightly-articles-adherence-to-the-mediterranean-diet-on-blood2021-10-25T09:11:33.000Z2021-10-25T09:11:33.000ZXunhan LIhttps://www.ikann.global/members/XunhanLI<div><p>Bakaloudi DR, Chrysoula L, Leonida I, Kotzakioulafi E, Theodoridis X and Chourdakis M. <a href="https://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(21)00471-4/fulltext" target="_blank">Impact of the level of adherence to the Mediterranean Diet on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.</a> Clinical Nutrition, 2021.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Summary:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>This systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies investigated the impact of different levels of adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD) on blood pressure (BP).</li>
<li>They found that systolic blood pressure (SBP) was lower in the high adherence to MD group SMD:-0.08, (95%CI:-0.15, -0.02) whereas no differences regarding diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were observed between the high and low adherence to MD groups: SMD:-0.07, (95%CI:-0.13, 0.00).</li>
<li>They concluded that the high adherence to MD could positively influence SBP, however, further research is required.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Discussion:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>This study is the first study to examine the impact of adherence of MD in BP.</li>
<li>However, due to the high heterogeneity observed for both SBP and DBP, and the variety of MD adherence in struments/tools that were used, it should conduct further research.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Question:</strong></p>
<p>This study includes both Mediterranean and non-Mediterranean regions, do you think this influences the adherence to the MD?</p></div>Fortnightly Articles - Type of Diet on Cardiovascular Riskhttps://www.ikann.global/forum/fortnightly-articles-type-of-diet-on-cardiovascular-risk2021-10-11T15:13:08.000Z2021-10-11T15:13:08.000ZSarah Armeshttps://www.ikann.global/members/SarahArmes<div><p>Petermann-Rocha F, Parra-Soto S, Gray S, Anderson J, Welsh P, Gill J, Sattar N, Ho F.K, Celis-Morales C and Pell J.P. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/42/12/1136/6032616?login=true" target="_blank">Vegetarians, fish, poultry, and meat-eaters: who has higher risk of cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality? A prospective study from UK Biobank.</a> European Heart Journal. 2021.</p>
<p><strong>Summary:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>This prospective analysis, including a total of 422,791 participants, examined the incidence and mortality risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) among people with different types of diets using data from UK Biobank</li>
<li>Using data from a FFQ, four types of diets were derived, including vegetarians, fish eaters, fish and poultry eaters, and meat-eaters.</li>
<li>They found that after a follow-up of 8.5 years, fish eaters, compared with meat-eaters, had lower risks of incident CVD, ischaemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke and heart failure. </li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Discussion:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>The UK Biobank is not representative of the UK population in terms of lifestyle; therefore, the summary statistics should not be generalizable to the general population.</li>
<li>Due to the insufficient statistical power, they were unable to study vegan diets, which according to the Vegan Society has increased in prevalence during the last years.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Question:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Should we be encouraging a specific type of diet for CVD risk reduction?</li>
</ul></div>Fortnightly Articles - Interaction between CETP polymorphism and dietary insulin index and load associated cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic adultshttps://www.ikann.global/forum/fortnightly-articles-interaction-between-cetp-polymorphism-and-di2021-09-28T10:15:06.000Z2021-09-28T10:15:06.000ZXunhan LIhttps://www.ikann.global/members/XunhanLI<div><p>Abaj F, Rafiee M and Koohdani F. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-95359-y" target="_blank">Interaction between CETP polymorphism and dietary insulin index and load in relation to cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic adults.</a> Scientific Reports, 2021.</p>
<p>Summary:</p>
<ul>
<li>This study investigated the impact of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) TaqB1 polymorphism on CVD risk factors associated with dietary insulin index and load (DII and DIL) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).</li>
<li>They presented that after consuming diets higher on the DIL and DII index, patients with B1B1 genotype had lower lipid profiles include LDL/HDL (p<0.001) and TG (p=0.04). While patients with B2B2 genotype had higher antioxidant and inflammatory markers include SOD (P=0.01), PGF2α (p=0.04), and CRP (p=0.02) in the last tertile of DIL. The highest levels of CRP (P = 0.04), TAC (P = 0.01), SOD (P = 0.02), and PGF2α (P = 0.02) were also observed in B2B2 genotype carriers when they consumed diets higher on the DII index. Additionally, CETP TaqB1 and DII exhibited a significant interaction in terms of WC (P = 0.01), with the highest WC observed in B2B2 genotype carriers following a DII score.</li>
<li>They concluded that the CETP polymorphism may be associated with CVD risk factors in T2DM patients with high following insulin indices, including DII and DIL. And Taq1B B1 allele was thought to counteract the CVD risks related to high DII and DIL among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.</li>
</ul>
<p>Discussion:</p>
<ul>
<li>This is the first study to illustrate the interaction between CETP TaqB1 polymorphism and dietary insulin indices and loads on cardio-metabolic risk factors, therefore, it is significant for preventing and restraining the development of cardiometabolic disease once the interaction is confirmed.</li>
<li>However, the cross-sectional design and small sample size limit the argument for this causality. The memory bias may also exist in the dietary assessment FFQ. Further study is suggested to use a large sample size and western blotting to assess the results.</li>
</ul>
<p>Question</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Does this interaction designed with diabetic patients in Tehran, Iran apply to people of other races?</p>
</li>
</ul></div>Fortnightly Articles - Milk Intake and Cardiometabolic Disease Outcomeshttps://www.ikann.global/forum/fortnightly-articles-milk-intake-and-cardiometabolic-disease-outc2021-06-23T05:10:07.000Z2021-06-23T05:10:07.000ZXunhan LIhttps://www.ikann.global/members/XunhanLI<div><p>Vimaleswaran KS, Zhou A, Cavadino A and Hyppönen E. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41366-021-00841-2" target="_blank">Evidence for a causal association between milk intake and cardiometabolic disease outcomes using a two-sample Mendelian Randomization analysis in up to 1,904,220 individuals</a>. International Journal of Obesity, 2021.</p>
<p><strong>Summary:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>The present Mendelian Randomization study examined the casual association between milk consumption and cardio-metabolic traits using the lactase persistence variant as an instrumental variable in a meta-analysis of the data from three large scale population-based studies. </li>
<li>They reported that carriers of the 'T' allele of the LCT variant were more likely to consume milk, and showed a causal relationship with higher BMI and body fat, but lower LIL-C, TC and HDL-C. ‘T’ allele was also associated with a lower risk of coronary artery disease but not with type 2 diabetes.</li>
<li>They concluded that milk consumption was associated with higher BMI but lower serum cholesterol levels and suggested no need to limit milk intakes concerning cardiovascular disease risk.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Discussion:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>This study with large sample size and using LCT gene variant as an instrument presented the strengths for replicating the founding and reducing confounding factors.</li>
<li>However, the lack of information on the gastro-intestinal disease of participants and different measurements of milk intake may cause limitations of this founding. </li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Question:</strong></p>
<p>Are all types of milk equally associated with cardiometabolic risk? </p></div>